Abstract
Purpose:
This study investigates how cadence, immersion level, and body density influence the vertical component of ground reaction force (GRF) during stationary running (SR).
Methods:
In a controlled laboratory setting, thirty-two participants performed stationary running at a wide range of cadences (85-210 steps/min) both in water (immersed to the hip and chest) and on dry land. The maximum vertical ground reaction force (Fymax) was measured using a waterproof force measurement system, and a statistical model was developed to predict Fymax based on cadence, immersion depth, and body density.
Results:
Cadence’s effect on Fymax varied significantly between environments. On land, Fymax exhibited a linear increase with higher cadences, while in water, it plateaued at both hip and chest immersion levels. All analyzed factors—cadence, immersion depth, and body density—significantly influenced Fymax, with immersion having the most pronounced impact. Notably, variations in cadence in an aquatic setting resulted in greater changes in Fymax compared to the differences observed when transitioning from hip to chest immersion. A regression model was developed, successfully accounting for 69% of the variability in Fymax in water.
Conclusion:
Cadence, immersion depth, and body density significantly and interdependently affect Fymax. The findings offer a model that could be useful for prescribing stationary running protocols in aquatic environments and provide valuable insights into the distinct responses of GRF to exercise parameter changes between land and water.
Keywords:
Aquatic exercise, biomechanics, hydrotherapy, regression model, water exercises.
To Summarize:
This study reveals the intricate relationships between cadence, immersion, and body density in relation to vertical ground reaction force during stationary running on land and in water. The understanding gained can enhance the prescription of aquatic exercise regimens, which may be beneficial for rehabilitation and fitness.
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